Sign In With Google
Program Overview
Program Overview
-
Program Name
International Studies, Business & Spanish Language
-
Location
Seville
-
Host University
ISA Study Center with Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo - Sevilla
-
Term
Fall 3 2020
-
Program Dates
Sep 27, 2020 - Dec 16, 2020
-
Program Length
Semester
-
Application Deadline
Jul 01, 2020
-
Forms and Payment Deadline
Jul 15, 2020
-
Credit
180 - 255 Contact Hours
-
Eligibility
2.50 Minimum GPA*
-
Cost
$12,350
- Apply Now
Study Abroad Program Description
Accommodating all levels of Spanish proficiency, the course offerings at the ISA Study Center allow you to take language courses while also taking content courses in English. These content courses include topics such as business, economics, culture, political science, international relations, and more. You also have the opportunity to participate in the service-learning course, Spanish Culture and Society Today, should you choose to do so. Courses are only taken with other ISA students and are taught by Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo faculty. Upon arrival, you will take a Spanish language placement exam. This exam will indicate your language proficiency level, and will determine the courses in which you will be eligible to enroll.
If you are at the advanced level, you may add a two-week intensive spanish language course as a preface to the semester program at the ISA Study Center.
A Spanish student visa is required for programs over 90 days and obtaining one may require out of state travel. Please contact your appropriate Program Manager for more information pertaining to the process of acquiring a Spanish student visa.
*Eligibility
MINIMUM GPA
Students must have a minimum grade point average of 2.50.
MINIMUM ADMISSIONS PREREQUISITES
There is no language prerequisite for this program.
What's Included
Comprehensive Advising and Support
Comprehensive Advising and Support
A team of helpful ISA staff members is here to support you through the entire study abroad process, from finding the perfect program through re-entry. The Program Advisors will help you choose your program based on your unique objectives. Once you’ve selected your program, you will work with your Program Manager on the application process as well as pre-departure forms and finances. Your Program Manager will also assist with academics, housing, visas, and city-living/cultural guidance.
In addition to individual advising, you will receive virtual resources to help prepare you for your time abroad. This includes the ISA Student Portal, which houses your program application, pre-departure forms/resources, and the online orientation. The online orientation is a pre-cursor to the on-site orientations and offers city-specific resources about living in your host city, communication, packing, diversity abroad, how to be academically successful, and more.
24-Hour Emergency
24-Hour Emergency
The ISA Health, Safety, and Security team facilitates an in-house on-call system with a U.S.-based employee and manager who are on-call and available in case of emergency 24-7. ISA regular office hours are Monday through Thursday, 7:00am - 7:00pm and Friday, 7:00am - 5:00pm Central Time.
If you are a parent or student needing assistance in an emergency situation outside of the regular office hours, please call the ISA office at 512-480-8522 to access the ISA emergency contact information for that particular week. Students who experience an emergency while abroad will also have access to on-site staff 24-hour emergency assistance.
Comprehensive Health, Safety, and Security Support
Comprehensive Health, Safety, and Security Support
Health, Safety, and Security (HSS) for ISA students is jointly managed by our resident staff and HSS team. This team works to monitor risk at program locations, respond to any crises that may arise, and develop policies to further ensure the health, safety, and security of students abroad with ISA.
Airport Reception
Airport Reception
Ground transportation is provided from the airport as long as you arrive during the ISA designated arrival date and time and at the appropriate airport. Upon acceptance into your program, you will receive the “How to book your flight” form which outlines the specific details for airport reception.
Airport reception is not provided for Intensive Month or J-Term programs.
Spanish Visa Support
Spanish Visa Support
Tuition at the Host University
Tuition at the Host University
Tuition and administrative fees at the host university are included in the program price. Classes are held at the host university and are taught by local and/or visiting faculty. Some classes will have additional fees that are not included in the program price.
Housing
Housing
Housing is guaranteed and included in the price of all ISA programs, with the exception of Pacific programs, in which housing is offered at an additional cost. Accommodation options will vary according to program site and session. For more details about ISA's housing options and applicable security deposits, please refer to the housing tab for your program of interest.
Meals and Laundry Service
Meals and Laundry Service
The amount of meals and possibility of laundry services vary per location. Meals and laundry services are provided with most homestays. For more details, please refer to the housing tab for your program of interest.
Bridging Cultures Program
Bridging Cultures Program
The Bridging Cultures Program (BCP) encompasses the ISA on-site orientation which will be delivered to you in the first few days of your time abroad. The BCP is designed to prepare you for a successful, positive, and rewarding experience that will influence the rest of your life. This is accomplished through introducing you to your host city’s culture and infrastructure as well as through goal setting, intercultural awareness, diversity and professional development activities.
Full-Time Resident Staff
Full-Time Resident Staff
The full-time resident staff is available to assist you with all aspects of your experience abroad. The resident staff provides support during official course registration and arranges the Bridging Cultures Program orientation, excursions, weekly meetings, cultural activities, and much more. Staff members are trained to ensure the well-being of each program participant and are dedicated to facilitating a positive and meaningful study abroad experience.
On-Site ISA Offices
On-Site ISA Offices
Most program locations have an on-site ISA office within the program city. The on-site offices provide you with an additional comfortable space in the city and serve as a common meeting place and resource center.
Internet Access
Internet Access
As an ISA student, you will enjoy free internet access at ISA on-site offices, computer labs at the host university, and/or your ISA housing.
ISA Discovery Model
ISA Discovery Model
ISA programs facilitate learning and development through co-curricular activities. We rely on host universities to provide quality instruction in the classroom, but ISA is the main facilitator of learning outside of the classroom. Efforts to promote student learning are shaped by a teaching and learning framework we call the ISA Discovery Model.
According to this model, student learning and development is organized into five areas of discovery: 1. Intercultural, 2. Historical, 3. Sociopolitical, 4. Professional and 5. Environmental
Throughout the duration of your ISA program, we provide you with the opportunity to pursue these five areas of discovery through the BCP, excursions, cultural activities, and references to non-ISA sponsored events and opportunities.
Excursions
Excursions
Organized excursions are included with each program to complement the academic component of your abroad experience. These complementary experiences are designed to engage student learning outside of the classroom in the five areas of the Discovery Model. Transportation and guided tours are included, as well as hotel accommodations and breakfast during multi-day excursions. Additional optional excursions may be offered during each program that are not included in the program cost.
Excursions are not included for Intensive Month, J-Term, and some summer sessions.
Cultural Activities
Cultural Activities
The ISA program staff develops unique cultural activities custom-designed to invite you to experience the local color of your host city, while learning about the history and culture of your new surroundings. Speaking the native language with locals, tasting the regional cuisine, and partaking in the native traditions are only a few of the ways these cultural activities lead to full appreciation of the program city.
Insurance
Insurance
A Blanket Accident and Sickness Policy is included in the program and covers you during the official on-site period of the program. This is not an optional benefit; every ISA participant will be covered by this policy. A full description of coverage can be found on the ISA website.
We recommend that you maintain comprehensive health insurance while abroad. This is particularly important if you have any pre-existing conditions but is also beneficial if you have an injury or illness while abroad and require further treatment upon your return home. Please be sure to consult with your current insurance provider to confirm coverage policies while traveling abroad.
Official Transcript from the Host University
Official Transcript from the Host University
Upon completion of the ISA program, your host university will issue an official transcript with all coursework taken abroad. ISA's Academic Records Department will process and forward the official transcript to the appropriate office at your home university, and a photocopy will be sent to your permanent home address for your records. ISA will provide a cover letter to accompany the transcript with important academic information, including the host university's grading system and recommended U.S. letter grade equivalencies, translated course titles, and credit conversion recommendations.
Professional Development Toolbox
Professional Development Toolbox
The Professional Development Toolbox, available in the online orientation section of the student portal, will help you identify the skills and key competencies you have developed through your personal, academic, and cultural experiences. This toolbox helps you to articulate the transferable skills developed through study abroad in a way that shows potential employers or post-graduate universities the benefits our you will provide them as a direct result of your experience abroad.
Scholarship Opportunities
Scholarship Opportunities
As an ISA participant, you will have the opportunity to apply for scholarships or grants that can be applied directly to assist with your study abroad program. ISA offers over $1,000,000 in scholarships and grants each year. To see what opportunities are available, please visit the Support & Funding page.
Academics
Credits
Contact Hours
180 - 255
Recommended U.S. Semester Credits
12 - 17
Recommended U.S. Quarter Units
18 - 25
Academic Information
Course Availability
- The course list below indicates the proposed courses for the upcoming semester. The host university has not yet confirmed the current course list at this time. This site will be updated once ISA receives the updated list of courses, along with a note notifying students of the change.
- Availability of courses is based on enrollment numbers. You should seek pre-approval for alternate courses in the event of last minute class cancellations.
Language Recommendation
- It is recommended that if you have not yet completed one semester/quarter of college-level Spanish or the equivalent elect to take a language course through the program.
Language Placement
- Enrollment in Spanish courses is determined by the results of a language placement exam administered by the host university. Please note that your performance on the placement exam may not rif eflect the number of semesters of language instruction you've already completed at your home university. We strongly suggest that you are trying to place into any level of language beyond true beginning prepare for the language placement exam by reviewing previous coursework.
Course Selection
- Please note that courses for Fall 2020 have yet to be confirmed. Below are the courses that have been offered in past semesters. Once the course offering is confirmed, this disclaimer will no longer appear.
- Students are required to choose one of the courses from the Current Global Topics offering. These courses will provide students the opportunity to study the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from a Spanish perspective. With four courses focusing on specific areas of economics, culture, health and politics, students will gain unique insight on both Spain's response and the global response as a whole.
- Courses and course hours of instructions are subject to change.
- Eligibility for courses may be subject to a placement exam. (All Language Courses)
- Requests for sample syllabi can be made to the ISA Seville Program Manager.
- You are required to select at least 3-4 alternate courses in the event of their top choices conflicting on the timetable, course cancellations or registration issues.
- Some courses may require additional fees.
Course Credit
- Credits earned vary according to the policies of the students' home institutions. According to ISA policy and possible visa requirements, students must maintain full-time enrollment status, as determined by their home institutions, for the duration of the program.
- Per the Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo, 15 is equivalent to 1 U.S. semester credit/ 1.5 quarter units.
ISA Course Level Recommendation
- ISA offers course level recommendations for the courses listed below. Please note that recommendations are based on the host university course codes. The structure of course codes at the ISA Study Center with the Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo-Sevilla consists of a series of prefixes and numbers. The course code prefix is a three-letter designator for a major division of academic discipline or area of study. The course code number is a three-digit designator for the course level/year taught (first digit), and range of content specificity (second and third digits). The letter (E) following a course code indicates the course is taught in English. The letter (S) following a course code indicated the course is taught in Spanish. Based on this information, ISA recommends that courses starting with the numbers 1 and 2 be classified as lower division, while courses starting with the numbers 3 and 4 be classified as upper division. These ISA recommendations are intended to facilitate the determination of course equivalencies by advisors and credential evaluators at participants' U.S. home institutions.
Transcripts
- The transcript from the ISA Study Center will reflect contact hours for each course listed below. Please be in touch with your U.S. University regarding credit transfer for this program.
Two-Week Intensive Spanish Language Course
- Advanced level Spanish speakers may choose to add on a Two-Week Intensive Spanish Language course for an additional fee. For more information, please talk to the ISA Seville Program Manager.
Courses
select allclear all
Course Disclaimer
- Availability of courses is based on enrollment numbers. All students should seek pre-approval for alternate courses in the event of last minute class cancellations
Support & Funding
U.S. Team
Lauren Dungan
Associate Director, Strategic Programs
After growing up in Denver, Colorado, Lauren graduated cum laude from Texas Christian University where she earned her B.A. in Spanish, B.S. in Criminal Justice, and Certificate in International Studies. While at TCU she studied abroad in Sevilla, Spain where she fell in love with Sevillian culture and travelled to more than 15 different countries within Europe and Africa. Following graduation, she embarked on another adventure abroad as an English teacher in Santiago, Chile. Lauren loves working with students and wants to inspire them to explore the world outside their comfort zone. She also enjoys spending time with friends and family, going to country music concerts, TCU football games, travelling to new parts of the globe, horseback riding, and dancing.
SEVILLE TEAM
María Jesús Rubio Amador
Senior CP & Cultural Activities Coordinator , Spain
María Jesús Rubio Amador
Senior CP & Cultural Activities Coordinator
María Jesús Rubio Amador was born and raised in the city she loves most, Sevilla. She earned a degree in Business Management of Tourism and a graduate degree in Hotel Management from the University of Sevilla. María then moved to Dublin, Ireland to follow her passion for learning about different cultures and a desire to improve her English. She loves meeting new people from all over the world. María Jesús joined ISA in 2007 and offers her enthusiasm and cheerful personality to ISA students in Sevilla.
Carmen Maria Parra
Director of Logistics, Spain
Carmen Maria Parra
Director of Logistics
Carmen María Parra Barragán is a native of Sevilla. She earned a degree in English Philology from the University of Sevilla and worked as an English teacher for many years. Carmen's interest in foreign literature and film has led her to study other cultures and have a passion for traveling. She loves meeting new people and working with students. Carmen joined ISA in 2007 and brings her energy and out-going personality to ISA Sevilla.
Enrique López
Director of Spanish Operations/ ISA Resident Director, Spain
Enrique López
Director of Spanish Operations/ ISA Resident Director
As a child in Salamanca, Spain, Enrique, known as Quique by his friends and family, dreamed of becoming a soccer star, but sensibly studied Humanities at the University of Salamanca. He went on to work for the University guiding tours and excursions for study abroad students. His natural people skills and love of passing on his knowledge of Spanish history and culture turned this job into a career, leading him to move to Seville beginning his work with ISA in 2001. After several years, he became Resident Director yet still continues to feel passionate about his work and the new challenges he faces, while still enjoying a bit of soccer through his children.
Francisco León Gutiérrez
IT Systems Administrator, Spain
Francisco León Gutiérrez
IT Systems Administrator
Originally from Seville, Spain, Fran is an all-rounder in technology, and has IT studies in Systems Administration. Fran enjoys his work and is always willing to help people. From a very early age, he felt that he had a knack for new technology, which led him to later create a large online community devoted to smartphones and tablets (Htcspain). He was fortunate to join the IT department at ISA in 2013 and is grateful for the amazing colleagues on the team, whom he knows can always rely on to help provide the best support and attention to students and other ISA employees. His hobbies include going to the gym, the beach, riding his bike, reading technical books, and spending time with his family and friends
Manolo Fernández Moreno
Senior Housing Coordinator, Spain
Manolo Fernández Moreno
Senior Housing Coordinator
Born and raised in Seville, Manolo graduated from the University of Seville with a Bachelor´s in Labor Relations and 3 Master´s in Labor Health and Safety. He began working for ISA Sevilla during the summer of 2002. He likes travel and meet new people from other cultures. He has visited the US, Canada, Morocco, and several other countries in Europe. He finds study abroad to be one of the best ways to contribute to personal growth and loves being a part of that for his students. His love and passion for Spain, and especially Sevilla, allows him to enthusiastically teach students about its culture, traditions, and history. In his spare time, he likes playing sports and spending time with his family/friends.
Martin Hayrapetyan
Housing Coordinator/ Veritas Manager, Spain
Martin Hayrapetyan
Housing Coordinator/ Veritas Manager
Raised in Sevilla, Martin has always been an avid reader of 19th century American literature. He graduated from the University of Sevilla, where he majored in Lingustics and Literature. He also did research for his Master's Degree, the early reception of Herman Melville's work in the Franco regime in Spain. A fan of blues, country and American music, he loves to spend his spare time hiking in the mountains, going to concerts, reading a good book or playing soccer. He's been working in the Housing Department in ISA Sevilla since 2012 and has made lots of friends along the way, which is what he values most about his job.
Pedro José Pérez Polo
Director of Central Europe Operations, Spain
Pedro José Pérez Polo
Director of Central Europe Operations
Pedro José Pérez, a Salamanca native, graduated from the University of Salamanca, where he majored in Spanish. He then moved to London to teach Spanish to clients in the Economic Sector. After working in several countries, Pedro returned to Salamanca and continued studying to obtain his MA in Spanish Instruction for foreigners. He taught Spanish at Cursos Internacionales of the University of Salamanca and then moved to Sevilla. He began working for ISA as a teacher and assistant in the summer of 2002 but has been the Academic Director at the Study Center in Sevilla since 2013. He looks forward to receiving each group of students in every term with enthusiasm and interest.
Sara Pérez
Spain Custom Programs Manager/ Academic Coordinator, Spain
Sara Pérez
Spain Custom Programs Manager/ Academic Coordinator
Born in Zafra, she moved with her family to Sevilla when she was 10 years old, so therefore considers herself a sevillana. Her passion to learn languages and cultures led her to seek a degree in Travel & Tourism from the University of Sevilla. She also did several summer study abroad programs in different places in the UK to improve her English language skills. After graduating, she moved to Cologne in Germany where she spent almost 2 years. Upon returning to Spain she worked as an event planner in a few different hotels, joining ISA in 2011. Sara loves the beach, cooking and discovering new restaurants or tapas bars in her city, and loves to share good recommendations with students anytime!
Tamara Roldán Gutiérrez
Senior Academic Coordinator, Spain
Tamara Roldán Gutiérrez
Senior Academic Coordinator
Tamara Roldán is a native-born Sevillana, and raised in Alcalá de Guadaira. She earned a Bachelor’s degree in English Literature and Language and a Master’s degree in Hotel Management from the Universidad de Sevilla. She worked as a summer camp counselor as well as a Spanish teacher in the U.S. for a couple summers, both of which proved to be rewarding experiences for her. After graduation, Tamara was working as an English teacher in Language Academies and high schools in Sevilla. She enjoys learning about other cultures, good coffee, and she loves traveling, spending time with friends/ family and practicing Pilates. She has been with ISA since 2004 and is always excited to share her passion for Sevilla and the Spanish culture with ISA students.
Funding Your ISA Program
As an ISA participant, you have the opportunity to apply for scholarships and grants that can be applied directly to assist with your study abroad programs. ISA offers over $1,000,000 in scholarships and grants each year. To see what opportunities are available, you may visit the Scholarships and Grants page. Please note that some programs, including remote learning opportunities, are not eligible for scholarships.
View all Funding OptionsHousing
Studying abroad in Spain will allow you the opportunity to indulge into aspects of the Spanish lifestyle that are inaccessible to the average visitor of Spain. Depending on your housing option, you will either be within walking distance to your university or conveniently located near public transit routes. Travel times to the various university buildings (with the exception of the UPO) generally range between 15 and 40 minutes depending on housing and class locations. With an open and adaptable mind, the experience of living in another culture can be highly rewarding.
We strive to match your housing choices with our available accommodations, however, housing preference requests cannot be guaranteed.
Homestay
Host families are a great choice if you are seeking full linguistic and cultural immersion during your time abroad. Each host family has been carefully selected by ISA’s resident staff in order to best accommodate your needs and to ensure a comfortable situation. Homestays will provide three meals a day and laundry service once a week. You will typically share a room with another ISA student of the same legal gender. Single rooms may be available for an additional fee.
Apartment
Apartments are a great housing option if you are seeking complete independence during your time abroad. Apartments are assigned on a first-come, first-served basis, and availability is limited. Rent and utilities are included in the program price, and each apartment is fully furnished. Apartments, that are spread throughout the city, typically house 2-5 ISA students, with shared room occupancy. Meals and laundry service are not included.
You will pay a $500 refundable security deposit if living in this ISA housing option. ISA may retain some, or all, of this deposit in the event of damage to property, or if utility usage exceeds the allotted monthly amount.
Student Residence
The student residence is a great choice if you would like to be independent while living with other international and local students. With availability limited on a first-come, first-served basis, you will room with another ISA student of the same legal gender. Single rooms may also be available for an additional fee. Meals and laundry service are not included, however there is a kitchen available for use as well as laundry facilities.
In this ISA housing option, you will pay a $500 refundable security deposit. ISA may retain some, or all, of this deposit in the event of damage to property, or if utility usage exceeds the allotted monthly amount.
Independent Housing
You may elect to secure housing independently. If you select this option, you will receive a discount equal to the housing portion of the program price.
Excursions
THERE’S MORE TO DISCOVER WITH ISA
Córdoba
On this excursion you will tour the famous Mezquita, a 10th-century mosque that curiously houses a 16th-century cathedral. You will explore the historic Jewish quarter and visit one of three original synagogues remaining in Spain. Córdoba was once home to Romans, Muslims, Christians and Jews, each leaving imprints that you will be able to identify by the time you leave.
Córdoba
On this excursion you will tour the famous Mezquita, a 10th-century mosque that curiously houses a 16th-century cathedral. You will explore the historic Jewish quarter and visit one of three original synagogues remaining in Spain. Córdoba was once home to Romans, Muslims, Christians and Jews, each leaving imprints that you will be able to identify by the time you leave.
Granada
Granada is a picturesque and mountainous university town. It has always been a multicultural city and was the last Moorish stronghold during the Catholic reconquest of Spain. You will explore Granada’s multicultural past through visits to historic neighborhoods like the Albaicín and Realejo. During an unforgettable evening flamenco show, you will have the chance to soak up Spanish music and culture. You will also visit important cultural sites including the Alhambra fortress, Spain’s most popular tourist attraction.
Granada
Granada is a picturesque and mountainous university town. It has always been a multicultural city and was the last Moorish stronghold during the Catholic reconquest of Spain. You will explore Granada’s multicultural past through visits to historic neighborhoods like the Albaicín and Realejo. During an unforgettable evening flamenco show, you will have the chance to soak up Spanish music and culture. You will also visit important cultural sites including the Alhambra fortress, Spain’s most popular tourist attraction.
Lisbon, Portugal
During this weekend excursion exploring Portugal's capital, you will climb to the top of the medieval Castelo de São Jorge where you will find splendid views of this coastal city. You will also visit the 16th-century Tower of Belém that protects the ornate Jerónimos Monastery and overlooks the harbor from which the great Portuguese explorers set sail.
Lisbon, Portugal
During this weekend excursion exploring Portugal's capital, you will climb to the top of the medieval Castelo de São Jorge where you will find splendid views of this coastal city. You will also visit the 16th-century Tower of Belém that protects the ornate Jerónimos Monastery and overlooks the harbor from which the great Portuguese explorers set sail.
Morocco * Optional
This multi-day, optional excursion takes you across Morocco, one of the most colorful and diverse countries in the world. It encompasses direct cultural encounters with locals, guided tours through the medina, and opportunities to learn the ins and outs of haggling with Moroccan vendors. You will have unforgettable experiences in the Sahara desert riding camels and waking up to see the spectacular views of the sunrise.
Morocco
This multi-day, optional excursion takes you across Morocco, one of the most colorful and diverse countries in the world. It encompasses direct cultural encounters with locals, guided tours through the medina, and opportunities to learn the ins and outs of haggling with Moroccan vendors. You will have unforgettable experiences in the Sahara desert riding camels and waking up to see the spectacular views of the sunrise.
Madrid
Madrid, Spain’s capital, will be your first taste of Spanish culture during the Bridging Cultures Program on-site orientation. You'll visit the famous Prado museum and have a guided tour through Madrid's city center to expand your knowledge of Spanish history, culture and politics.
Madrid
Madrid, Spain’s capital, will be your first taste of Spanish culture during the Bridging Cultures Program on-site orientation. You'll visit the famous Prado museum and have a guided tour through Madrid's city center to expand your knowledge of Spanish history, culture and politics.
Toledo
Your visit to Toledo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, will begin with a panoramic bus tour of Toledo's unique hilltop then will continue on to the monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Santa María la Blanca synagogue, Santo Tomé Church, and the Cathedral of Santa Maria.
Toledo
Your visit to Toledo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, will begin with a panoramic bus tour of Toledo's unique hilltop then will continue on to the monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Santa María la Blanca synagogue, Santo Tomé Church, and the Cathedral of Santa Maria.
Cultural Activities in Seville
The ISA on-site team encourages you to explore the city and culture of Seville. The team facilitates this by offering a robust calendar of events that showcases what makes Seville special.
These activities vary each term, and previous offerings have included cooking classes, museum visits and tours of notable Seville sites (Las Setas, Real Alcázar de Seville, Seville's famous Gothic cathedral, etc.).
Cultural Activities in Seville
The ISA on-site team encourages you to explore the city and culture of Seville. The team facilitates this by offering a robust calendar of events that showcases what makes Seville special.
These activities vary each term, and previous offerings have included cooking classes, museum visits and tours of notable Seville sites (Las Setas, Real Alcázar de Seville, Seville's famous Gothic cathedral, etc.).